-Broad field of medical practices related to physical activity and sport
-Involves a number of specialties involving active populations
-Typically classified as relating to performance enhancement or injury care and management
-Involves a number of specialties involving active populations
-Typically classified as relating to performance enhancement or injury care and management
Human PerformanceExercise Physiology
Biomechanics Sports Psychology Sports Nutrition Sports Massage | Injury ManagementPractice of Medicine
Sports Physical Therapy Athletic Training |
The Players on the Sports Medicine Team
•Physicians •Dentist •Podiatrist •Nurse •Physicians Assistant •Physical Therapist •Athletic Trainer •Massage Therapist •Ophthalmologist
•Dermatologist •Gynecologist •Exercise Physiologist
•Biomechanist •Nutritionist •Sport Psychologist •Coaches •Strength & Conditioning Specialist •Social Worker •Neurologist •Osteopath •Psychiatrist
•Dermatologist •Gynecologist •Exercise Physiologist
•Biomechanist •Nutritionist •Sport Psychologist •Coaches •Strength & Conditioning Specialist •Social Worker •Neurologist •Osteopath •Psychiatrist
The Athletic Trainer
•Charged with injury prevention and health care provision for the athlete
•Athletic trainer deals with the athlete and injury from its inception until the athlete returns to full competition
Personal Qualities of the Athletic Trainer
•Stamina and the ability to adapt
•Empathy
•Sense of humor
•Communication
•Intellectual curiosity
•Ethical practice
•Athletic trainer deals with the athlete and injury from its inception until the athlete returns to full competition
Personal Qualities of the Athletic Trainer
•Stamina and the ability to adapt
•Empathy
•Sense of humor
•Communication
•Intellectual curiosity
•Ethical practice
Roles and Responsibilities: Performance Domains
1. Prevention of athletic injuries
2. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis
3. Immediate care of injuries
4. Treatment, rehabilitation and reconditioning of athletic injuries
5. Health care administration
6. Professional responsibilities
2. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis
3. Immediate care of injuries
4. Treatment, rehabilitation and reconditioning of athletic injuries
5. Health care administration
6. Professional responsibilities
Athletic Training Education Competencies
•Twelve Content Areas
1. Risk management
2. Pathology of injuries and illnesses
3. Assessment and evaluation
4. Acute care
5. Pharmacological aspects of injury and illness
6. Therapeutic modalities
7.Therapeutic exercise
8. General medical conditions and disabilities
9. Nutritional aspects of injury and illnesses
10. Psychosocial intervention and referral
11. Organization and administration
12. Professional responsibilities
1. Risk management
2. Pathology of injuries and illnesses
3. Assessment and evaluation
4. Acute care
5. Pharmacological aspects of injury and illness
6. Therapeutic modalities
7.Therapeutic exercise
8. General medical conditions and disabilities
9. Nutritional aspects of injury and illnesses
10. Psychosocial intervention and referral
11. Organization and administration
12. Professional responsibilities
Employment Settings for the Athletic Trainer
•Employment opportunities are becoming increasingly diverse
–Dramatic transformation since 1950
–Due largely in part to the efforts of the NATA (National athletic training association)
•Started out primarily in the collegiate setting, progressed to high schools and are now found primarily in hospital and clinic settings
•Settings include:
–Secondary schools
–Colleges and universities
–Professional teams
–Sports medicine clinics
–Corporate/Industrial settings
–Military
–Physician extenders
–Medical supply & equipment sales
–Research
–Administration
–Dramatic transformation since 1950
–Due largely in part to the efforts of the NATA (National athletic training association)
•Started out primarily in the collegiate setting, progressed to high schools and are now found primarily in hospital and clinic settings
•Settings include:
–Secondary schools
–Colleges and universities
–Professional teams
–Sports medicine clinics
–Corporate/Industrial settings
–Military
–Physician extenders
–Medical supply & equipment sales
–Research
–Administration
Accredited Athletic Training Education Programs
•Entry-level athletic training education programs
–Undergraduate and graduate
•Advanced graduate athletic training education programs
–Designed for individuals that are already certified ATC’s
–Undergraduate and graduate
•Advanced graduate athletic training education programs
–Designed for individuals that are already certified ATC’s
Specialty Certifications
•NATA is in the process of developing specialty certifications
–Further enhance professional development
–Aid in expanding scope of practice (What you are allowed todo legally)
•Specialty certifications build on entry level knowledge
•Seven proposed areas
-Business practice, medical care management, occupational health, wellness, pediatric/adolescent health, adult/geriatric health, special health populations
•Candidates will have to complete experiential requirements and pass a standardized examination
–Further enhance professional development
–Aid in expanding scope of practice (What you are allowed todo legally)
•Specialty certifications build on entry level knowledge
•Seven proposed areas
-Business practice, medical care management, occupational health, wellness, pediatric/adolescent health, adult/geriatric health, special health populations
•Candidates will have to complete experiential requirements and pass a standardized examination
Requirements for Certification as an Athletic Trainer
•Must have extensive background in formal academic preparation and supervised practical experience
•Guidelines are set by the National Athletic Trainers’ Association Board of Certification (NATABOC)
•Upon meeting the educational guidelines applicants are eligible to sit for the examination
•Examination is computer based:
–Practical knowledge
–Written simulations
Exam assesses the 6 domains
•Upon passing the certification examination = BOC certification as an athletic trainer
–Credential of ATC (Moving to AT only)
•BOC certification is a prerequisite for licensure in most states
•Guidelines are set by the National Athletic Trainers’ Association Board of Certification (NATABOC)
•Upon meeting the educational guidelines applicants are eligible to sit for the examination
•Examination is computer based:
–Practical knowledge
–Written simulations
Exam assesses the 6 domains
•Upon passing the certification examination = BOC certification as an athletic trainer
–Credential of ATC (Moving to AT only)
•BOC certification is a prerequisite for licensure in most states
Continuing Education Requirements
•Ensure ongoing professional growth and involvement
•Requirements that must be met to remain certified –80 CEU’s over the course of three years
•Purpose of Continuing Education:
–To encourage ATC to obtain current professional development information
–To explore new knowledge in specific areas –To master new athletic training related skills and techniques
-To expand approaches for effective athletic training
–To further develop professional judgment(s)
–To conduct professional practice in an ethical and appropriate manner
•CEU’s are awarded for:
–Attending symposiums, workshops, seminars
–Serving as a speaker or panelist
–Authoring a research article; authoring/editing a textbook
–Completing post-graduate work
–Obtaining CPR and first aid certification
•Requirements that must be met to remain certified –80 CEU’s over the course of three years
•Purpose of Continuing Education:
–To encourage ATC to obtain current professional development information
–To explore new knowledge in specific areas –To master new athletic training related skills and techniques
-To expand approaches for effective athletic training
–To further develop professional judgment(s)
–To conduct professional practice in an ethical and appropriate manner
•CEU’s are awarded for:
–Attending symposiums, workshops, seminars
–Serving as a speaker or panelist
–Authoring a research article; authoring/editing a textbook
–Completing post-graduate work
–Obtaining CPR and first aid certification
State Regulation of the AT
•Early-1970s NATA realized the necessity of obtaining some type of official recognition by other medical allied health organizations of the ATC as a health care professional
•Laws and statutes specifically governing the practice of athletic training were nonexistent in virtually every state at that time
•Athletic trainers in many individual states organized efforts to secure recognition by seeking some type of regulation of the athletic trainer by state licensing agencies
•To date 40 of the 50 states have enacted some type of regulatory statute governing the practice of athletic training
•Rules and regs governing the practice of athletic training vary tremendously from state to state
•Regulation may be in the form of:
–Licensure
•Limits practice of athletic training to those who have met minimal requirements established by a state licensing board
•Limits the number of individuals who can perform functions related to athletic training as dictated by the practice act
•Most restrictive of all forms of regulation
–Certification
•Does not restrict using the title of athletic trainer to those certified by the state
•Can restrict performance of athletic training functions to only those individuals who are certified
–Registration
•Before an individual can practice athletic training he or she must register in that state
•Individual has paid a fee for being placed on an existing list of practitioners but says nothing about competency
–Exemption
•State recognizes that an athletic trainer performs similar functions to other licensed professions (e.g. physical therapy), yet still allows them to practice athletic training despite the fact that they do not comply with the practice acts of other regulated professions
•Legislation regulating the practice of athletic training has been positive and to some extent protects the athletic trainer from litigation
•Laws and statutes specifically governing the practice of athletic training were nonexistent in virtually every state at that time
•Athletic trainers in many individual states organized efforts to secure recognition by seeking some type of regulation of the athletic trainer by state licensing agencies
•To date 40 of the 50 states have enacted some type of regulatory statute governing the practice of athletic training
•Rules and regs governing the practice of athletic training vary tremendously from state to state
•Regulation may be in the form of:
–Licensure
•Limits practice of athletic training to those who have met minimal requirements established by a state licensing board
•Limits the number of individuals who can perform functions related to athletic training as dictated by the practice act
•Most restrictive of all forms of regulation
–Certification
•Does not restrict using the title of athletic trainer to those certified by the state
•Can restrict performance of athletic training functions to only those individuals who are certified
–Registration
•Before an individual can practice athletic training he or she must register in that state
•Individual has paid a fee for being placed on an existing list of practitioners but says nothing about competency
–Exemption
•State recognizes that an athletic trainer performs similar functions to other licensed professions (e.g. physical therapy), yet still allows them to practice athletic training despite the fact that they do not comply with the practice acts of other regulated professions
•Legislation regulating the practice of athletic training has been positive and to some extent protects the athletic trainer from litigation
Future Directions for the Athletic Trainer
•Will be determined by the efforts of the NATA and its membership
–Ongoing re-evaluation, revision and reform of athletic training education
–JRC-AT will become an accrediting agency
–Third party billing will gradually become the rule not the exception for ATC’s
–Standardization of state practice acts
–ATC’s will seek specialty certifications
•Expanding breadth and scope of practice
–Increase in secondary school employment of ATC’s
–Increase in recognition of ATC as a physician extender
–Potential for expansion in the military, industry, and fitness/wellness settings
–With general population aging = increased opportunity to work with aging physically active individuals
–Continue to enhance visibility through research and scholarly publication
–Continue to be available for local and community meetings to discuss healthcare of the athlete
–Increase recognition and presence internationally
–Most importantly, continue to focus efforts on injury prevention and to provide high quality healthcare to physically active individuals who are injured while participating in sports
–Ongoing re-evaluation, revision and reform of athletic training education
–JRC-AT will become an accrediting agency
–Third party billing will gradually become the rule not the exception for ATC’s
–Standardization of state practice acts
–ATC’s will seek specialty certifications
•Expanding breadth and scope of practice
–Increase in secondary school employment of ATC’s
–Increase in recognition of ATC as a physician extender
–Potential for expansion in the military, industry, and fitness/wellness settings
–With general population aging = increased opportunity to work with aging physically active individuals
–Continue to enhance visibility through research and scholarly publication
–Continue to be available for local and community meetings to discuss healthcare of the athlete
–Increase recognition and presence internationally
–Most importantly, continue to focus efforts on injury prevention and to provide high quality healthcare to physically active individuals who are injured while participating in sports
Athletic Trainer and the Athlete
•Major concern on the part of the ATC should be the athlete
•All decisions impact the athlete
•The injured athlete must always be informed –Be made aware of the how, when and why that dictates the course of injury rehabilitation
•The athlete must be educated about injury prevention and management
•Instructions should be provided regarding training and conditioning
•Inform the athlete to listen to his/her body in order to prevent injuries
•All decisions impact the athlete
•The injured athlete must always be informed –Be made aware of the how, when and why that dictates the course of injury rehabilitation
•The athlete must be educated about injury prevention and management
•Instructions should be provided regarding training and conditioning
•Inform the athlete to listen to his/her body in order to prevent injuries
Athletic Trainer and Parents
•ATC must keep parents informed, particularly in the secondary school setting
–Injury management and prevention
•The parents decision regarding healthcare must be a primary consideration
•Insurance plans may dictate care –Selection of physician
•ATC, physician and coaches must be aware and inform parents of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
–Regulates dissemination of health information –Protects patient’s privacy and limits the people who could gain access to medical records
* Remember the mommy rule!
–Injury management and prevention
•The parents decision regarding healthcare must be a primary consideration
•Insurance plans may dictate care –Selection of physician
•ATC, physician and coaches must be aware and inform parents of Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
–Regulates dissemination of health information –Protects patient’s privacy and limits the people who could gain access to medical records
* Remember the mommy rule!
Responsibilities of the Team Physician
•Athletic trainer works under direct supervision of physician
•Physician assumes a number of roles –Serves to advise and supervise ATC
•Physician and ATC must be able to work together –Have similar philosophical opinions regarding injury management
•Helps to minimize discrepancies and inconsistencies
•Compiling medical histories and conducting physical exams
–Pre-participation screening
•Diagnosing injuries
•Deciding on disqualifications
–Decisions regarding athlete’s ability to participate based on medical knowledge and psychophysiological demands of sport
•Physician assumes a number of roles –Serves to advise and supervise ATC
•Physician and ATC must be able to work together –Have similar philosophical opinions regarding injury management
•Helps to minimize discrepancies and inconsistencies
•Compiling medical histories and conducting physical exams
–Pre-participation screening
•Diagnosing injuries
•Deciding on disqualifications
–Decisions regarding athlete’s ability to participate based on medical knowledge and psychophysiological demands of sport
Responsibilities of the Coach
•Must understand specific role of all individuals involved with the team
•Coach must clearly understand the limits of their ability to function as a healthcare provider in their respective state
•Directly responsible for injury prevention
–Athlete must go through appropriate conditioning program
•Coach must be aware of risks associated with sport
•Provide appropriate training and equipment
•Must have knowledge of CPR and first aid
•Must have thorough knowledge of skills, techniques and environmental factors associated with sport
•Develop good working relationships with staff, including athletic trainers
–Must be a cooperative relationship
•Coach must clearly understand the limits of their ability to function as a healthcare provider in their respective state
•Directly responsible for injury prevention
–Athlete must go through appropriate conditioning program
•Coach must be aware of risks associated with sport
•Provide appropriate training and equipment
•Must have knowledge of CPR and first aid
•Must have thorough knowledge of skills, techniques and environmental factors associated with sport
•Develop good working relationships with staff, including athletic trainers
–Must be a cooperative relationship
Referring the Athlete to Other Personnel
•ATC must be aware of available medical and non-medical personnel
–Athlete may require special treatment outside of the “traditional” sports medicine team
•Must be aware of community based services and various insurance plans
–Typically the ATC and team physician will consult on the particular matter and refer accordingly
–Athlete may require special treatment outside of the “traditional” sports medicine team
•Must be aware of community based services and various insurance plans
–Typically the ATC and team physician will consult on the particular matter and refer accordingly
The Players on the Sports Medicine Team
•Physicians •Dentist •Podiatrist •Nurse •Physicians Assistant •Physical Therapist •Athletic Trainer •Massage Therapist •Ophthalmologist •Dermatologist •Gynecologist •Exercise Physiologist •Biomechanist •Nutritionist •Sport Psychologist •Coaches •Strength & Conditioning Specialist •Social Worker •Neurologist •Osteopath •Psychiatrist
Growth of Professional Sports Medicine Organizations
•International Federation of Sports Medicine (1928)
•American Academy of Family Physicians (1947)
•National Athletic Trainers Association (1950)
•American College of Sports Medicine (1954)
•American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972)
•National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978)
•American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979)
•Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981)
•NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)
•American Academy of Family Physicians (1947)
•National Athletic Trainers Association (1950)
•American College of Sports Medicine (1954)
•American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (1972)
•National Strength and Conditioning Association (1978)
•American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee (1979)
•Sports Physical Therapy Section of APTA (1981)
•NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports (1985)
International Federation of Sports Medicine
•Federation Internationale de Medecine Sportive (FIMS)
•Principal purpose to promote the study and development of sports medicine throughout the world
•Made up of national sports medicine associations of over 100 countries
•Organization is multidisciplinary, including many disciplines that are concerned with physically active individuals
•Principal purpose to promote the study and development of sports medicine throughout the world
•Made up of national sports medicine associations of over 100 countries
•Organization is multidisciplinary, including many disciplines that are concerned with physically active individuals
American Academy of Family Physicians
•To promote and maintain high quality standards for family doctors who are providing continuing comprehensive health care to the public
•It is a medical association of more than 93,000 members
•Many team physicians are members of this organization
•It is a medical association of more than 93,000 members
•Many team physicians are members of this organization
NATA
•To enhance the quality of health care for athletes and those engaged in physical activity, and to advance the profession of athletic training through education and research in the prevention, evaluation, management and rehabilitation of injuries
•The NATA now has 30,000 members
•The NATA now has 30,000 members
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM
•Patterned after FIMS (Umbrella Organization)
•Interested in the study of all aspects of sports
•Membership composed of medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, physical educators, athletic trainers, coaches, exercise physiologists, biomechanists, and others interested in sports
•18,000 members
•Interested in the study of all aspects of sports
•Membership composed of medical doctors, doctors of philosophy, physical educators, athletic trainers, coaches, exercise physiologists, biomechanists, and others interested in sports
•18,000 members
American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine
•To encourage and support scientific research in orthopaedic sports medicine and to develop methods for safer, more productive and enjoyable fitness programs and sports participation
•Members receive specialized training in sports medicine, surgical procedures, injury prevention and rehabilitation
•1,200 members are orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals
•Members receive specialized training in sports medicine, surgical procedures, injury prevention and rehabilitation
•1,200 members are orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals
National Strength and Conditioning Association
•To facilitate a professional exchange of ideas in strength development as it relates to the improvement of athletic performance and fitness and to enhance, enlighten, and advance the field of strength and conditioning
•14,500 strength and conditioning coaches, personal trainers, exercise physiologists, athletic trainers, researchers, educators, sport coaches, physical therapists, business owners, exercise instructors and fitness directors
•Accredited certification programs
– Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, (CSCS) NSCA Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT
•14,500 strength and conditioning coaches, personal trainers, exercise physiologists, athletic trainers, researchers, educators, sport coaches, physical therapists, business owners, exercise instructors and fitness directors
•Accredited certification programs
– Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist, (CSCS) NSCA Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT
American Academy of Pediatrics, Sports Committee
•Dedicated to providing the general pediatrician and pediatric sub-specialist with an understanding of the basic principles of sports medicine and fitness and providing a forum for the discussion of related issues
•To educate all physicians, especially pediatricians, about the special needs of children who participate in sports
•To educate all physicians, especially pediatricians, about the special needs of children who participate in sports
American Physical Therapy Association, Sports Physical Therapy Section
•To provide a forum to establish collegial relations between physical therapists, physical therapist assistants, and physical therapy students interested in sports physical therapy
•Promotes prevention, recognition, treatment and rehabilitation of injuries in an athletic and physically active population
•Provides educational opportunities through sponsorship of continuing education programs and publications
•Promotes prevention, recognition, treatment and rehabilitation of injuries in an athletic and physically active population
•Provides educational opportunities through sponsorship of continuing education programs and publications
NCAA Committee on Competitive Safeguards and Medical Aspects of Sports
•desirable training methods, prevention and treatment of sports injuries, and utilization of sound safety measures
•Disseminates information and adopts recommended policies and guidelines designed to further the above objectives
•Supervises drug-education and drug-testing programs
•Disseminates information and adopts recommended policies and guidelines designed to further the above objectives
•Supervises drug-education and drug-testing programs
National Academy of Sports Medicine
•Founded by physicians, physical therapists and fitness professionals
•Focuses on the development, refinement and implementation of educational programs for fitness, performance and sports medicine professionals
•Offer a variety of certifications (fitness and performance)
•Focuses on the development, refinement and implementation of educational programs for fitness, performance and sports medicine professionals
•Offer a variety of certifications (fitness and performance)
Other Health Related Organizations
•Various aspects of health related professions have also become involved
–Dentistry, podiatry, chiropractic medicine
•National, state and local organizations have also emerged
–Focus on athletic health and safety
•All bodies have worked towards the reduction of injury and illness in sport
–Dentistry, podiatry, chiropractic medicine
•National, state and local organizations have also emerged
–Focus on athletic health and safety
•All bodies have worked towards the reduction of injury and illness in sport
Sports Medicine Journals
•A variety of publications exist, providing excellent resources to the sports medicine community
–Journal of Athletic Training –Journal of Sports Rehabilitation
–International Journal of Sports Medicine
–Physician and Sports Medicine
–Clinics in Sports Medicine
–American Journal of Sports Medicine
–Journal of Athletic Training –Journal of Sports Rehabilitation
–International Journal of Sports Medicine
–Physician and Sports Medicine
–Clinics in Sports Medicine
–American Journal of Sports Medicine